Time space design theory for deep ice wall of short cylinder

Hypothesis of ice wall design theories and formulas, which determine success of artificially ground freezing ,have been based on elastic , elasto plastic to rheologic bodies successively, and change from a long,thick, lined or unlined cylinder approach in static or kinetic state to a short, thick,unlined cylinder approach in quasi kinetic state correspondingly Many accidents have occurred in deep ice walls because these methods except the last one are not satisfy for the conditions of ice wall Even though the short, thick, unlined cylinder approach in quasi kinetic state matches most of conditions of ice wall,it takes two important variables (time and temperature) into account inseperately in one parameter without consideration of freeze tube deformation This paper, on the basis of recent 20 years’ research results,presents a time space concept and a design method for a short, thick, unlined deep ice wall with consideration of freeze tube deformation All variables including time and temperature are considered seperately in the new formula and can be easily controlled in different ways for safety, and efficiency and economy. This time space concept has changed the traditional ideas and theories in this field.