Centrifugal model tests on behavior of soil and tunnel under underground water leakage

Underground water leakage may lead to pavement settlement, threatening the safety of surrounding soil and adjacent structures. The centrifugal model tests are conducted to explore the response of soil and tunnel under the underground water leakage. The seepage field information is obtained by measuring change of water content of soil, and the stress-strain response of the tunnel is measured by strain gauges. With the accumulation of leakage, the water content of soil first increases and then stabilizes, while the strain and settlement continue to increase. The effects of leakage on settlement are limited to a certain range, and the growth rate of the settlement-affected area gradually slows down with the accumulation of leakage. The shape of the initial settlement-affected area is inverted cone-shaped. With the increase of leakage, the settlement-affected area basically fills the upper part of the tunnel and spreads to the lower part, and the area of the settlement-affected area grows slowly in the lower part of the tunnel, and the boundary surface is close to be horizontal. The uneven soil settlement generates the bending moment in the tunnel. The development of the bending moment is first fast and then slow, which is similar to the development of settlement of soil.