Abstract: The influence of deep excavation on deformation of nearby historical building and the corresponding protective measures have become typical technical difficulties with the development of underground space in congested municipal areas. A three-dimensional numerical simulation of a metro station excavation project was carried out to investigate the negative impact of deep excavation on the adjacent historical building and to verify the effectiveness of the protective measures, of which the numerical model was established by FLAC3D, and the staged construction as well as protective measures are taken into account. The results show that the numerical model can predict the lateral displacement of the retaining walls and the influence of the excavation on the adjacent building. The parametric study reveals that the lateral displacement of the single-row barrier piles and the settlement of the building foundation have a close relationship with the lateral displacement of the retaining walls, and the impact of the single-row barrier piles as well as the adjustment of pile spacing on lateral displacement of the outside soils can be neglected.