Abstract: In order to investigate the effects of different mineral composition contents on the dissolution characteristics and strength damage characteristics of limestone, the dissolution kinetics and mechanical tests of limestone and calcite specimens eroded by acidic aqueous chemical solution are carried out to obtain the variation laws of dissolution characteristics and strength damage characteristics of limestone and calcite specimens during the erosion process of acidic aqueous chemical solution. The test results show that: (1) The ion concentration in the chemical solution exhibits an increasing of power function trend with the increase of immersion time, and the dissolution process of limestone and calcite specimens in acidic aqueous chemical solution is divided into acid rock reaction and hydrolysis reaction. (2) In the erosion process of acidic aqueous chemical solution, the acid rock reaction rate of limestone specimens is lower than that of calcite ones, while the hydrolysis reaction rate is higher than that of calcite ones, and finally the limestone dissolution damage degree is greater than that of calcite specimens. (3) The mechanical damage laws of limestone and calcite specimens eroded by acidic chemical solution show a good correlation with their dissolution kinetics behavior. The uniaxial compressive strength of limestone and calcite specimens shows a decreasing trend of power function with the increase of immersion time. The strength damage degree of limestone is lower than that of calcite at the acid rock reaction stage, while the strength damage degree of limestone is higher than that of calcite at the hydrolysis reaction stage.