致密砂岩水平井多裂缝扩展及转向规律研究
Multi-fracture propagation and deflection laws of horizontal wells in tight sandstone
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摘要: 为研究致密砂岩水平井割缝压裂裂缝扩展及转向规律,采用四维水射流割缝装置和大尺寸真三轴相似物理模拟试验系统,开展了不同缝间距、应力差、压裂排量对水平井多裂缝扩展规律的试验和数值模拟研究,建立了单张开裂缝和多裂缝扩展的应力理论模型和一套室内割缝压裂物理试验方法。通过剖样观察和压力曲线特征的类比分析得到以下结论:①多裂缝起裂后后续压力曲线的典型波动峰值,是致密砂岩多裂缝相互干扰的一个明显特征;小间距使得邻近裂缝处于高诱导应力区域,增加了应力干扰和裂缝偏转程度;②大排量使得裂缝内部净水压增大,多裂缝偏转角度和程度增大,更容易形成纵向缝;且处在中间裂缝受到抑制,大角度偏离最大主应力方向延伸并趋于两侧裂缝最终停止扩展,而两侧裂缝延伸的距离更长;③高应力差条件下,诱导应力场难以改变原始主应力的大小,降低裂缝转向的角度,起裂后后续压力曲线波动较平稳,裂缝更易形成平行于最大主应力方向的横切缝。研究成果可用于多段割缝压裂施工参数的优化设计,从而为不同地质条件的砂岩储层油气开采和煤矿中水力压裂坚硬顶板治理强矿压提供参考。Abstract: In order to study the multi-fracture slotted propagation and deflection laws of horizontal wells in tight sandstone, the influences of crack spacing, main stress difference and discharge capacity on the propagation geometry of multi-fractures are studied by using physical experiments and numerical simulations with FLAC3D based on four-dimensional water jet slitting device and large-scale true triaxial hydraulic fracturing simulation system. A stress filed theoretical model of opening single and multi-fracture with water pressure and a set of indoor slotting-fracturing physical test method are established. The analysis of the characteristics of the sample splitting and the pressure curve reveals: (1) The typical fluctuation peak of the subsequent pressure curve after the initiation cracking is an obvious feature of the fracture mutual stress interference. The short spacing makes the adjacent fracture in the high induced stress zone, leading to strengthening the stress mutual interference and the degree of fracture deflection. (2) The angle and extent of the multi-fracture deflection increase greatly due to the high-volume pump increasing the internal water pressure of the fracture and short spacing, which forms the longitudinal hydraulic fracture. The middle fracture restrained nearly propagates in the direction perpendicular to the maximum principal stress and tends to stop propagating, while the extending distance between the middle fracture at both sides is longer. (3) The deflection angle declines because the induced stress is too difficult to change the original the stress field under the high stress difference. The subsequent propagation fluctuation is relatively stable, and the fracture is more likely to form a transverse hydraulic fracture parallel to the direction of the maximum principal stress. The research results can be used to optimize the design parameters of slotting multi-fracture and provide technical reference for oil and gas exploitation of sandstone reservoirs under different geological conditions and hydraulic fracturing of hard roof in coal mines to control the strong mine pressure.